As more people live to old age, dementia is on the rise, but there is currently no effective treatment. This comes at enormous personal, societal and economic cost. I and others have previously shown that a decrease in heart function is associated with early cognitive impairment, however the underlying cause is not clear. It is possible that poor heart function may lead to poor blood flow in the brain, which may be the link. Another possible link between the heart and the brain runs in the opposite direction. Instead of heart problems leading to brain problems, it could be that lower cognitive function as a child leads to heart problems later in life. I will investigate the direction of the heart-brain association in 30yr olds from the ALSPAC cohort, that have had data collected since birth, including genetic, cognitive and heart measures. I will collect new detailed data on the heart and the brain during rest and during exercise. The results of this study are important as dementia is a public health priority. The clinical implications of reduced cognition among people with impaired heart function are considerable. By understanding the underlying mechanisms, we can reduce the burden of both of these conditions.

The obesity epidemic has largely been attributed to the modern food environment, in which foods high in fat and sugar are affordable, accessible and aggressively marketed. However, genetics and individual eating habits have also been argued to heavily influence weight. Eating more than needed can lead to weight gain, but for some, exercising control and knowing when to stop is particularly difficult. Longitudinal studies have suggested that flexible restraint (e.g. a gradual approach to dieting, using control when over-eating) is more adaptive and prevents weight gain in individuals with a lack of control over eating relative to more rigid forms of restraint (an ‘all or nothing’ approach). This study proposes to investigate how much of the relationship between inherited genes and obesity in adulthood, is facilitated by eating habits and food preferences, and whether these pathways can be lessened through contending eating behaviours and food preferences in childhood and adulthood.

We plan to use Children of the 90s to understand the following: (i) whether being smoking, overweight or obese, having higher blood pressure or blood glucose (sugar) or lipids (fat) makes you more likely to become infected with the SARS-CoV2 virus and to have more severe symptoms; (ii) whether having the infection makes these cardiovascular risk factors worise; (iii) whether pregnancy complications (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, having a baby who is small or large at birth, delivering a baby early) that are know to relate to a woman's cardiometabolic health are related to risk of COVID-19 in the mother and their offspring; (iv)is there any evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic and its management is influence decisions about delaying plans to get pregnant / have children and what is the infection rate and severity in couples of reproductive age; (v) is there any evidence that pregnancy increases or decreases risk of COVID-19 risk and severity

Seeking financial support to enable a secretariat for a newly formed steering group aimed at most effectively using UK population research resources to address questions relevant to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (£120585 over 12 months).

The overall aim of this project is to study how family background influences children’s attainment. We are interested in two questions. The first question is, how do ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ combine to influence children’s attainment? To answer this question, we will test whether parental education-associated genetics are associated with the quality of parenting they provide to their children. We will test associations with parental behaviour from before a child is born (e.g., smoking, alcohol use during pregnancy), through infancy (e.g. breastfeeding), childhood (e.g. warm, sensitive parenting; cognitive stimulation), and adolescence (e.g. parental monitoring). We hypothesise that parents’ education-associated genetics are positively associated with these changing forms of parental investment across time. These analyses are a replication and extension of two previous papers from our lab (Wertz et al., 2018; Wertz et al., in press). In the proposed study, we will extend our previous work by a) analysing parenting across a wider age range of the child; b) replicating prior findings across several datasets (including ALSPAC); and c) incorporating measures of genetics and parenting from both mothers and fathers. The second question is, how do links between family socioeconomic status (SES) and children’s educational attainment change across time? To answer this question, we will test if the influence of family SES on children’s school performance has remained stable in Britain over time. We will test associations between family SES and children’s educational attainment across childhood, and compare estimates across different cohorts -- including ALSPAC -- from different historical periods. We hypothesise that the effect of family SES on children’s education will be relatively stable across time. Overall, this project will advance our understanding of the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment.

Improving the mental health of children and young people is a national priority in the UK. The rate of self-harm amongst adolescents ranges from 6.9 to 18.8 % in the UK. Schools can provide an environment that encourages positive mental health at an early age and prevents poor mental health in later years. Positive relationships with peers and positive perceptions of school connectedness (that is, adolescents’ sense of belonging and attachment to school) are associated with increases in adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing and decreases in the number of mental health issues. School absenteeism is also associated with an increased risk of self-harm. Levels of school absenteeism may be reduced if early school experiences are of a positive nature. There is also an association of suicidal and non-suicidal self-harm with adverse experiences at school and even minor events like not enjoying school or class work and the feeling about teachers being unclear with respect to their behaviour. We will investigate if early school experiences are associated with adolescent self-harm in the ALSPAC cohort.

Existing research on depression vulnerability shows that early experiences such as exposure to childhood abuse could leave “cognitive scars”, which could increase vulnerability in later stages of life. Childhood emotional maltreatment is found to be strongly associated with vulnerability to psychopathology in comparison to physical and sexual maltreatment.(1) Adolescents having experienced childhood maltreatment were shown to depict reduced positive spontaneous thought, a feature of ruminative thinking constituting a risk factor for depression.(2) However, the role of mediating factors like cognitive styles in the association between childhood trauma and depression could be further explored. Various trauma types excepting physical neglect, predict depressive rumination, which predicts depression.(3) The differential association between age of exposure to trauma or specific trauma types and depression could be further researched as exposure to trauma in adolescence may have a greater effect size than that during early childhood with regard to developing increased odds of psychotic experiences. Examining the influence of mediating factors could be beneficial for preventing mental health issues such as distress and impairment at the population level by targeting negative cognitive styles.(4) Age groups requiring further support and intervention could be identified for addressing specific types of childhood trauma

Patients with congenital heart (CHD) disease now live longer and therefore they are more likely to experience common aging condition.
One of these are cardiovascular disease (CVD) with relative morbidity and mortality.However, whether the established risk factors for CVD in the general population are the same with CHD is unclear.
In addition, there is a substantial evidence that risk for CVD begins in early life and that risk factors (e.g. obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia)measured in childhood and adolescence track and relate to adult risk, but the prevalence of these in children with CHD and their future risk on CVD is unknown and may differ from the general population.
Another issue for the aging CHD population is regarding their educational achievement. Academic performance represent a main area of interest as this is anticipated to have major impact in their quality of life. It's well recognised that some children with CHD can present neurocognitive impairment when compared to the general population. However, whether this has a significant effect in their overall academic performance remains unclear with discordant results reported.
To our knowledge there are no study that investigate the trajectories of cardiovascular risk factor and neurocognitive development (in term of educational achievement)from early childhood to adulthood life.