The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a unique resource with a wealth of rich longitudinal data. Furthermore, ALSPAC is one of the few longitudinal cohorts with repeated assessments of self report psychiatric traits, along with a host of early exposures and later outcomes. As such, ALSPAC is a vital tool for exploring the longitudinal nature of psychiatric traits, their antecedents and later consequences.

Examining the nature of psychiatric disorders such as depression is complex and often requires advanced statistical methods to untangle complex associations and underlying mechanisms. Currently, there are few open access datasets with enough detail available for researchers to learn these complex statistical methods. As such, many researchers are forced to use datasets that do not capture the complexity of traits such as depression, and this could hinder the ability to make further progress in uncovering diseases like depression.

Given the sensitivity of the ALSPAC study, it is not appropriate to release full versions of the data. However, it is possible to simulate parts of the ALSPAC data to give the same properties, without the risk of disclosure and identification of participants.

Simulating ALSPAC data that matches the original properties of the data would provide an excellent resource for teaching purposes as well as providing an introduction to researchers wanting to use the original ALSPAC study.

In our ageing population the burden of both heart failure (HF) and dementia is increasing. To date there is no proven preventative or curative treatment for cognitive decline and the associated social and economic cost is huge. Both conditions share common risk factors, yet there is growing evidence of a direct relationship between the function of the heart and the brain. But we still don't know if poor cognition is a consequence or a cause of poorer cardiac function. Several aspects of this association require thorough investigation. We propose that there is a bidirectional association between cognition and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and by applying sophisticated techniques to assess cardiac and brain structure and function, this investigation will significantly advance our understanding of the causal mechanisms underlying both cardiac and cognitive decline.

Breastfeeding is life-saving for some vulnerable populations (eg poor sanitation contexts) and individual babies (eg preterm), however breastfeeding according to WHO guidelines remains rare in the UK and other high-income countries. Other than the obvious lack of support for new mothers starting their breastfeeding journey, little is known about individual barriers to breastfeeding, some of which could be specific to the mother, and some could be specific to the baby.
This project aims to understand to what extent the mother and baby's genetic make up can influence the pair's chances of starting and sustaining breastfeeding.
This knowledge will help in several ways, and specifically:
1. it will allow researchers to conduct robust studies into the health effects of breastfeeding for mothers and babies,
2. it will shed light onto needs and approaches that could be used to help support breastfeeding.

Previous studies, including those using ALSPAC data, have found that children who are born prematurely are at risk of poorer educational outcomes than their peers. They have also found that summer-born children in England, who are the youngest in their school year, do worse than children born at other times of year. School entry in England is based on chronological age, and so it has been hypothesised that children who are born early and in the summer months may be 'doubly disadvantaged' as they are both premature and start school a year earlier than they would have had they been born at term.

Recent research by researchers using Born in Bradford data found evidence of this 'double disadvantage': children who were born pre-term and who started school a year earlier than they should have had they been born at term, were less likely to have a 'Good Level of Development' at age 5 years than their peers who were summer born but not pre-term, or who were pre-term but started school within the same school year as they would have had they not been premature.

Our proposed project using ALSPAC data will aim to replicate and extend the Born in Bradford findings.

Through a large international collaboration, we identified more than a thousand genetic factors that are associated with how much of a person’s weight is fat mass and how much is lean mass. We subdivided these genetic factors into six groups based on how they affect multiple aspects of body size, composition and shape (e.g., body mass index, height, waist-to-hip circumference). These six clusters of genetic factors each have distinct effects on obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, we found that the clusters also had differential effects on body size at birth and in childhood. We would like to use the data from the ALSPAC study to investigate if these six groups of genetic factors affect trajectories of body size and composition throughout the development of a child, from birth until early adulthood.

Many adults in the United Kingdom suffer from psychological distress. Psychological distress can range from worrying a lot, to feeling down, to even more serious problems. Importantly, existing research suggests that adults with psychological difficulties often also have behavioural problems as children. Understanding how psychological distress develops is a crucial first step in helping us (i) identify which children are most at risk and (ii) develop targeted strategies to prevent or manage such problems. The reasoning here is that if we can prevent the development of psychological distress in childhood, these children will be less likely to show psychological distress as adults.

We already know that children who show conduct problems (e.g. fighting, lying, stealing) tend to come from riskier circumstances. For example, these children can have mothers with psychological difficulties. Moreover, mothers that have psychological difficulties tend to live in deprived neighbourhoods (e.g. poverty, crime, pollution, low access to greenspace such as parks with trees and grass). Here, the idea is that neighbourhood deprivation can associate with maternal psychological difficulties and family dysfunction, which in turn, can lead to less consistent, stimulating and more punitive parenting behaviours, and poorer child behavioural outcomes. However, characteristic of the parent(s), such as education, employment and psychological distress can play a role in the type of neighbourhood a child grows up in. These characteristics can also affect how vulnerable a parent is to stress-inducing features of the neighbourhood, and therefore could potentially affect the type of parenting used on a child.

During adolescence, youth spend less time with their families and more time “hanging out” with their peer groups (or friends). Therefore, youth are more directly exposed to the neighbourhood, including both structural (e.g. poverty, pollution, distance from green space) and social (crime and deviant peers) deprivation factors. Similar to the mothers, individual characteristics of a teenager can increase the likelihood that individual will be exposed to risk factors in the neighbourhood. Here, impulsivity (i.e., acting without thinking, thrill seeking) can influence the type of social environments for which an adolescent actively seeks out. Indeed, high impulsivity can lead to affiliation with other teenagers who are engaging in delinquent behaviours (e.g. fighting, lying, stealing), which in turn, can increase a teenager’s substance use, unsafe sexual activity and criminal behaviours. Thus, during adolescence, the individual characteristics of youth may associate with risk-related behaviours within the neighbourhood context.

To date, however, existing studies have not teased out the specific biological mechanisms that could explain how neighbourhood deprivation might relate to punitive parenting for the mother, or to a teenager “hanging” out with a deviant peer group. One potentially important biological factor of this kind is a ‘polygenic score’. A polygenic score gives you a genetic risk for some type of trait (e.g. depression, thrill seeking) or disease (e.g. cancer). These scores are based very large studies, sometimes over 1 million people, that show associations between traits or disease with genetic variants across the entire known genome. These different variants and then summed into a single “polygenic score” in smaller, independent studies.

In this study we plan to address two key potential limitations of existing research: (1) Existing studies have not examined how maternal polygenic risk for depression can affect harsh parenting and child conduct problems, particularly if living within high neighbourhood deprivation. (2) Existing studies have not assessed adolescent polygenic risk for externalising problems and impulsivity (e.g. ADHD, sensation seeking) associates with higher affiliation deviant peer affiliation, particularly if living within high neighbourhood deprivation.

This study will address each of these main limitations of the existing research. We are ideally placed to achieve these aims as we have access to psychological, parenting, behavioural, friendship and genetic data already collected from two very large scale samples of children, extensively studied from childhood and into adolescence (The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, in Southwest England and Generation R, Rotterdam, The Netherlands).

We hope that results from this research will help answer questions around why some caregivers are more likely to use punitive parenting, and why children are more likely to have conduct problems, and guide early intervention for high-risk children who may be prone to impulsive and thrill seeking behaviours.

Research on cord blood and placenta can be used to develop treatments for conditions that affect pregnancy and can hopefully lead to improvements in children’s health. A large-scale research study in the UK collected over 4,000 umbilical cord samples and over 8,000 placentas from mothers and children in the 1990s. These children have now grown to adulthood and are donating cord blood and placentas from their own pregnancies (or those of their partners) to the research study. This project will investigate how this multi-generational collection of materials collected from birth is viewed by mothers and fathers in the study and by scientists involved in creating and maintaining the collection. This research will enable a better understanding of what donors and research scientists think about cord blood and placenta and the methods for studying and preserving it.

Five percent of school age children have developmental coordination disorder (DCD). People with DCD find tasks such as throwing a ball, writing, or brushing their teeth extremely difficult, and are more likely to struggle academically even though they are just as smart. Despite being extremely common, we understand little of why some children get DCD.
We know that sometimes DCD can run in families but we don't understand the causes of this. This study will be the first to look for these inherited causes. We will use genetic data from the ALSPAC cohort to find genes that are underlying DCD. This will help us to understand how these genes affect the pathways that are required in a developing brain.
We will also use this genetic information to help us understand why some children go on to develop other difficulties like ADHD or language problems, whereas other children do not. We can look into how these behaviours interact with the movement and planning difficulties seen in DCD, and whether they are important in the development of these behaviours in typically developing children.