Proposal summaries
B3557 - Exploring shared genetic associations between risk behaviours and educational attainment - 07/07/2020
People who participate in risky behaviours such as drug use, physical inactivity and criminal behaviour have lower educational attainment than people who abstain from such behaviour. The effects of participating in risky behaviours have been estimated at around a one grade reduction at GCSE or 23% lower odds at attaining five of more A*-C GCSE grades, for each additional behaviour the young person engages in. This can have a detrimental knock on effect on subsequent education and employment chances in later life causing lasting socioeconomic damage. Genome Wide Association Studies have revealed that participation in risky behaviours and educational attainment both have highly polygenic architecture, suggesting an important role of many variants across the genome. The extent to which risky behaviours and educational attainment have shared genetic overlap is unknown, yet knowledge of this could help understand how these traits co-operate.
B3558 - Investigating Resilience Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Conditions - 01/07/2020
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions affecting ~10% of people. Young people with ASD and ADHD experience substantial adversity (e.g. bullying, maltreatment) which is linked with poor adult outcomes. However, some people may show resilience, demonstrating adaptive outcomes, for example positive wellbeing, despite this adversity.
I will explore resilience in ASD and ADHD, from childhood to young adulthood. I will conduct a qualitative study to determine what adaptive outcomes look like to young people with ASD/ADHD. Then, using data from two large studies that follow young people over time, I will investigate factors linked with adaptive outcomes in ASD and ADHD. Using innovative statistical analyses, I will test the roles of child characteristics, the family and social environment, and genetics.
The findings will inform future interventions to reduce adversity and boost resilience amongst young people with neurodevelopmental conditions.
B3482 - Factors associated with third molar pathology and treatment in a representative population - 30/06/2020
Changes in dental practice as a result of NICE âGuidance on the Extraction of Wisdom Teethâ, mean that fewer adults now have prophylactic removal of their wisdom teeth. However, recent studies have demonstrated an increase in the risk of infection, dental decay and gum disease in angled wisdom teeth or in the neighbouring teeth since the implementation of NICE guidance.
This means we are seeing an increasing number of patients who may present with disease affecting wisdom teeth or the neighbouring teeth, so there is a need therefore to identify those who are at risk of developing wisdom tooth complications and who may benefit from removal. In addition, we will better our understanding of the potential barriers to receiving appropriate wisdom tooth treatment.
B3556 - Associations between physical activity risk of alcohol-related harm in adolescence cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis - 23/06/2020
Adolescence is a critical stage of life for the formation of both physical and mental health. Health behaviours and health status developed in adolescence often endure into adulthood and influence life expectancy. Health-risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity are not only linked with mental health, but are also two major contributors (globally) to disease in adulthood such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adolescence is a time when physical activity levels decline, alcohol consumption increases and mental health states can deteriorate. However, conversely, research shows links between higher physical activity levels and higher levels of alcohol consumption (although largely this has been derived from non UK-based University/College populations). Advice given by a former UK Chief Medical Officer is that children should not drink at all before the age of 18 but certainly not before the age of 15. Excessive alcohol consumption can result in unwanted consequences (particularly in adolescence) such as being a perpetrator or victim of violence or other criminal activity, or unprotected (or regretted) sexual activity. Alcohol has been strongly linked to suicide in adolescence (the number one cause of preventable death); as well as more generally impacting or impeding healthy brain development. Other factors (which contribute to or cause inequalities in health outcomes) also should be considered when looking at health behaviours in adolescence e.g. socioeconomic status (SES), educational attainment, gender and psychosocial health. Those with a lower SES (SES - being typically derived from household income and education levels) tend to fare worse in health outcomes. Despite higher levels of physical activity being associated with higher SES in adolescence (as is a higher level of alcohol consumption), it appears that higher educational attainment (also correlated with higher SES) reduces the occurrence or frequency of binge-drinking. While those from lower SES backgrounds are more likely to experience greater harms from alcohol consumption. Gender contributes significantly to health inequalities, disadvantaging girls. In early adolescence, girls are more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety or depressive disorder, more likely to have lower levels of physical activity and are more likely to be at risk of alcohol-related harm than their male equivalents. Mental health is becoming one of the biggest issues we face globally and has been strongly linked to physical activity/inactivity. Those that undertake regular physical activity are less likely to be depressed, but conversely are more likely to consume alcohol at higher levels (and in particular binge-drink). This research will seek to untangle the links between risk of alcohol-related harm and levels of physical activity at ages 13.5, 15.5 and 17.5 using data in the âChildren of the 90âs cohortâ from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The research will determine associations or patterns at each time-point (age in years) and also make comparisons of changes over time. The individual-level analysis (longitudinal) will also utilise data for 24.5 year olds to compare with 17.5 year olds The following factors will be used as a means of explaining findings at each time-point, individually, and collectively: SES, educational attainment, gender and psychosocial health. The aim is to create new knowledge on the associations and patterns between physical activity and alcohol consumption levels across early to late adolescence in a UK population. Findings will inform further UK-based research on this topic.
B3542 - Sensory Sensitivity Misophonia Hyperacusis and Tinnitus - 10/06/2020
Most people have a comfortable tolerance for incoming sensory information (sounds, tastes, smells etc.) while others have sensory sensitivities which can make daily life difficult. One example is sensitivity to sounds, and there are several ways this can present. For people with MISOPHONIA, certain sounds such as chewing cause an extreme emotional response such as anger, disgust or anxiety; and for people with HYPERACUSIS, loud sounds cause the ears to physically hurt. Sensory sensitivity can have a negative impact on mental well-being, and also plays a role in a number of conditions including autism spectrum conditions, anxiety disorders, and synaesthesia. In turn, poor well-being can have significant financial costs with over £12 billion invested annually by the NHS. Our study has become all the more relevant given the COVID crisis because we are interested in a condition that triggers anxiety/anger/distress, and has particular resonance for family relationships in confined spaces.
These sound sensitivities are poorly understood in adults, and even less so in children. In our project we ask, how do sound sensitivities such as misophonia affect mental well-being, education and attainment? Does misophonia get progressively worse over time? What other mental heath conditions commonly co-occur with misophonia? In answering these questions we can better understand the underlying aetiologies, which in turn will allow us to develop targeted treatments for misophonia.
B3550 - Long-term outcomes of antidepressant use a machine learning approach - 01/06/2020
This project aims to understand the long-term effects of antidepressant use in the adult population.
There is currently a gap in the literature regarding the longitudinal effects of pharmaceutical
interventions for depression, so there is not great clinical understanding of the impact of
antidepressants on health outcomes long-term. For example, some longitudinal studies suggest that
the symptoms of depression improve overall after long term antidepressant use, but this is reported
in tandem with adverse psychological and physical health outcomes like weight gain, sexual
dysfunction, and emotional numbness (Dehar et al. 2016). In the psychiatric literature, there is an
impoverished understanding of depression causality, with multiple competing hypotheses
suggesting genetic, psychological, neurochemical, and neurostructural correlates of the illness. This
suggests that depression as an overarching umbrella term could include multiple phenotypes, that if
captured, could explain different illness trajectories and predict differential health outcomes after
pharmaceutical intervention.
The long-term effects of antidepressant use on a wide range of health outcomes should be explored
to ascertain whether they are an optimal intervention for people who present with mild to
moderate depression and anxiety.
B3552 - Methods of recruitment and retention of fathers in cohort and longitudinal studies - 05/06/2020
In research projects focussed on children and families, information about children is often gathered via a single parent, often the child's mother or female caregiver. For many such studies, there are valid scientific reasons why involvement of the child's father or male caregiver is also important. For cohort studies, which follow families over time, early recruitment and ongoing engagement of fathers can be particularly important. However, recruiting and engaging fathers to such studies can be challenging, especially if fathers and mothers do not live together. As a result fathers are widely under-represented in such research. A scoping review of recruitment and engagement methods suggests that involving fathers may require a different approach to that used for mothers. This study seeks to review how fathers are recruited and engaged in the ALSPAC G2 cohort, to propose tailored recommendations to improve recruitment and engagement and test the feasibility and acceptability of the revised, tailored approach with participants and research staff. The general learning from this process is expected to be relevant to many similar research projects.
B3551 - Risky Business Understanding intergenerational persistence in entrepreneurship - 05/06/2020
Entrepreneurship is with good reason viewed as a driver of economic growth, employment creation, and social mobility: in 2018, there were 5.7 million small-medium enterprises in the UK, accounting for 99.9% of all businesses, 60% of employment and 52% of the gross value added in the UK private sector. Of these, 96% were micro-businesses with less than 10 employees (Business Statistics, Standard Note, SN/EP/6152, House of Commons Library, December 2018). In fact, policymakers advocate support to entrepreneurship as a way forward for socioeconomic development at regional and national level, therefore helping these firms to form is key to UK prosperity. Government support for entrepreneurs often takes a macro perspective of intervention through subsidies and infrastructure. There is, however, increasing recognition in the entrepreneurship field that the decision to become an entrepreneur and start new ventures is strongly embedded in the close and personal space surrounding an individual, starting from their family relationships. It is well known that self-employment and business ownership choices are highly persistent across generations: entrepreneurial parents tend to have entrepreneurial children. We know much less, however, about the underlying mechanisms that transmit and shape those choices. This is what our project will address. We will examine the ways in which entrepreneurial parents affect their childrenâs entrepreneurial preferences and behaviours directly â through being role models and providing advice â and indirectly â through shaping attitudes to risk and uncertainty, and exposing the stresses and wellbeing impacts inherent in starting a business. Our findings will identify new ways in which policy can encourage and nurture entrepreneurialism.
B3549 - EWAS of Green Spaces - LifeCycle - 24/06/2020
The urban exposome (built environment, air pollution, road traffic noise, meteorological, natural space and road traffic) affects health outcomes. For instance, associations between increasing green space exposure and increased birth weight and decreased term low birth weight in 32,000 mother-child pairs have been previously reported (Nieuwenhuijsen et al. 2019).
Here we aim to investigate the epigenetic mechanisms that might mediate this association. We will evaluate the relationship between exposure to green spaces during pregnancy and offspring cord blood DNA methylation at over 450,000 methylation sites (CpG sites) across the genome. This project will contribute epigenome-wide association study summary results to a meta-analysis as part of an ongoing large consortium.
B3548 - Investigating the influence of natural selection on metabolites - 28/05/2020
Environmental and genetic factors both play a role in shaping individual variation. Characteristics that increase an individualâs chance of survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed onto the next generation. This process is known as natural selection and it is reflected at the genetic level. Negative selection is a form of natural selection whereby rare genetic factors with harmful effect on survival and reproduction are removed from populations. Recent studies have found evidence of negative selection acting on complex traits such as body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and height.
This project will explore how natural selection influences molecular traits. Metabolites are intermediates or end products of biological processes and they are linked to numerous diseases. Gaining a better understanding of how metabolites are related to survival and reproduction will enable researchers to prioritise specific research avenues. This prioritisation may improve human health.
B3547 - A UK underpinning platform to study immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19 The UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium - 03/06/2020
B3546 - UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship The heart-brain connection in ALSPAC30 cardioaggression and neuroselection - 02/06/2020
As more people live to old age, dementia is on the rise, but there is currently no effective treatment. This comes at enormous personal, societal and economic cost. I and others have previously shown that a decrease in heart function is associated with early cognitive impairment, however the underlying cause is not clear. It is possible that poor heart function may lead to poor blood flow in the brain, which may be the link. Another possible link between the heart and the brain runs in the opposite direction. Instead of heart problems leading to brain problems, it could be that lower cognitive function as a child leads to heart problems later in life. I will investigate the direction of the heart-brain association in 30yr olds from the ALSPAC cohort, that have had data collected since birth, including genetic, cognitive and heart measures. I will collect new detailed data on the heart and the brain during rest and during exercise. The results of this study are important as dementia is a public health priority. The clinical implications of reduced cognition among people with impaired heart function are considerable. By understanding the underlying mechanisms, we can reduce the burden of both of these conditions.
B3545 - School starting age the role of gene-environment interactions - 03/06/2020
It is well known that September-born children perform better on school tests than August-borns, most likely because they are "older in the year". This project aims to explore the importance of gene-environment interplay within this context. More specifically, it will investigate whether this September-effect, or the effect of being "old in the academic year", varies with an individual's genetic predisposition, as proxied by a polygenic score for cognitive ability, for educational attainment, and for 'non-cognitive' skills. We will examine the effects on cognitive outcomes such as academic achievement, as well as on non-cognitive skills, such as the children's "strength and difficulties".
B3478 - Understanding how eating behaviours mediate genetic susceptibility to obesity - 26/05/2020
The obesity epidemic has largely been attributed to the modern food environment, in which foods high in fat and sugar are affordable, accessible and aggressively marketed. However, genetics and individual eating habits have also been argued to heavily influence weight. Eating more than needed can lead to weight gain, but for some, exercising control and knowing when to stop is particularly difficult. Longitudinal studies have suggested that flexible restraint (e.g. a gradual approach to dieting, using control when over-eating) is more adaptive and prevents weight gain in individuals with a lack of control over eating relative to more rigid forms of restraint (an âall or nothingâ approach). This study proposes to investigate how much of the relationship between inherited genes and obesity in adulthood, is facilitated by eating habits and food preferences, and whether these pathways can be lessened through contending eating behaviours and food preferences in childhood and adulthood.
B3544 - Investigating the effect of maternal and paternal phenotypes on offspring cardiometabolic risk factors - 22/05/2020
Maternal and paternal characteristics (for example, maternal and paternal obesity, maternal gestational hypertensive disorders and maternal dietary intakes) are linked with the offspringâs risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disease in adulthood (such as coronary heart disease and type two diabetes). One explanation for such correlations is that maternal and paternal phenotypes alter the environment that the sperm, egg cells and fetus develop in, thereby causing the offspring to be more susceptible to cardiometabolic disease in adulthood. However, mothers and fathers also pass on their genes to their children, and provide an environment for their children to grow up in, both of which provide alternative explanations for the aforementioned correlations. Because of this it is currently unclear whether the motherâs and fatherâs BMI, maternal gestational hypertensive disorders and maternal dietary intakes have causal effects on the offspringâs risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disease.
B3543 - COVID-19- Pregnancy Cardiometabolic health and selection bias - 13/07/2020
We plan to use Children of the 90s to understand the following: (i) whether being smoking, overweight or obese, having higher blood pressure or blood glucose (sugar) or lipids (fat) makes you more likely to become infected with the SARS-CoV2 virus and to have more severe symptoms; (ii) whether having the infection makes these cardiovascular risk factors worise; (iii) whether pregnancy complications (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, having a baby who is small or large at birth, delivering a baby early) that are know to relate to a woman's cardiometabolic health are related to risk of COVID-19 in the mother and their offspring; (iv)is there any evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic and its management is influence decisions about delaying plans to get pregnant / have children and what is the infection rate and severity in couples of reproductive age; (v) is there any evidence that pregnancy increases or decreases risk of COVID-19 risk and severity
B3541 - Tackling genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders - 19/05/2020
In the last 20 years, there was a tremendous progress in identifying genetic risk factors for autism or neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability and epilepsy. If mutations affecting synaptic or chromatin remodelling genes are now well accepted as susceptibility factors for autism and NDDs, many key questions remain unanswered: (i) What is the interplay between the common and the rare genetic variants ? (ii) What are the genetic and environmental factors that influence the clinical trajectories of the patients? (iii) What are the specific brain processes involved? To address some of these questions, we will investigate the genetic and phenotypic data of the ALSPAC cohort to understand how genetic mutations in autism/NDD associated genes can have different consequences on the cognitive development of the individuals depending on the genetic and environmental background. Beyond improving our knowledge on the genetic architecture of autism/NDDs, our project should also lead to the identification of protective factors explaining how some individuals are resilients to strongly deleterious mutations.
B3540 - Wellcome Longitudinal Population Study LPS COVID-19 Steering Group Secretariat - 17/05/2020
Seeking financial support to enable a secretariat for a newly formed steering group aimed at most effectively using UK population research resources to address questions relevant to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (£120585 over 12 months).
B3535 - Atopic dermatitis filaggrin null mutations and COVID-119 - 17/05/2020
Atopic Dermatitis (AD, also known as atopic eczema and eczema) is a common disease affecting 20% of children in the UK and other high-income countries. The major genetic risk factor for AD is loss of function mutations in filaggrin, a critical skin barrier protein. There are many theories around the high prevalence of filaggrin mutations in European and Asian populations and of eczema including some proposals that having a leaky skin barrier and an overactive skin immune system might lead to skin immune cells being activated through the skin resulting in protection against pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with substantial COVID-related health problems and deaths.
We will use data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective birth cohort study questionnaires and clinical visits to identify people with evidence of eczema in childhood, and genetic data to identify people with filaggrin null mutations. We are very familiar with these data in ALSPAC and have very recently analysed these data. We will then determine if people in early adulthood (the age of the cohort at the time of pandemic emergence) with evidence of childhood eczema are at reduced risk of reporting symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. The subsequent analysis will involve assessing if those with filaggrin null mutations (with and without eczema) have reduced risk of reporting COVID-19 symptoms. We will stratify by the presence or absence of asthma to see if the risks vary in these subgroups.
B3539 - Family background and the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment A multi-cohort analysis - 28/05/2020
The overall aim of this project is to study how family background influences childrenâs attainment. We are interested in two questions. The first question is, how do ânatureâ and ânurtureâ combine to influence childrenâs attainment? To answer this question, we will test whether parental education-associated genetics are associated with the quality of parenting they provide to their children. We will test associations with parental behaviour from before a child is born (e.g., smoking, alcohol use during pregnancy), through infancy (e.g. breastfeeding), childhood (e.g. warm, sensitive parenting; cognitive stimulation), and adolescence (e.g. parental monitoring). We hypothesise that parentsâ education-associated genetics are positively associated with these changing forms of parental investment across time. These analyses are a replication and extension of two previous papers from our lab (Wertz et al., 2018; Wertz et al., in press). In the proposed study, we will extend our previous work by a) analysing parenting across a wider age range of the child; b) replicating prior findings across several datasets (including ALSPAC); and c) incorporating measures of genetics and parenting from both mothers and fathers. The second question is, how do links between family socioeconomic status (SES) and childrenâs educational attainment change across time? To answer this question, we will test if the influence of family SES on childrenâs school performance has remained stable in Britain over time. We will test associations between family SES and childrenâs educational attainment across childhood, and compare estimates across different cohorts -- including ALSPAC -- from different historical periods. We hypothesise that the effect of family SES on childrenâs education will be relatively stable across time. Overall, this project will advance our understanding of the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment.