Research design: We have already coded a wide range of behaviours in the video material obtained from the 60 families of children who developed psychiatric disorders, together with 120 control videos. The full dataset was sent to the ALSPAC team, who have added the data to their own database.

1. Clinical rating scale. We first plan to investigate the cases of inattentive ADHD and pervasive development disorder (PDD) / autism in much more depth. We have been provided with the identifiers for these cases and have been given permission for expert clinicians to perform detailed assessments of the videos. This should allow us to build up a diagnostic system for testing and for potential use by clinicians after testing in a longitudinal design. Analysis of sequencing and contingency in these videos will allow us to explore whether there are differences in the behavioural dynamics of mutual responsiveness in early face-to-face mother-infant interactions in infants who later go on to be diagnosed with ADHD or PDD. We shall first ask a group of clinicians (CG, CP, PW and Dr Helen Minnis) and a developmental psychologist (HM) to view the videos of the inattentive ADHD and PDD cases (and 33 sex-matched control videos) and identify behaviours that appear predictive of disorder in order to develop a diagnostic rating scale. A second group (5 General Practitioners & 5 Health Visitors) will view the 11 case videos and 33 control videos and be blind to the case and control status of the videos. They will use their own judgments to predict which infants will later go on to develop inattentive ADHD or PDD. Then this second group will look at the videos again, this time using the rating scale developed by the group 1 clinicians. The second group of clinicians will take part in this study as part of a CPD knowledge transfer protocol (a 2 day course). The findings from this study will have a direct potential impact for routine practice.

2. Adult motor activity. In view of the finding, using our holistic ratings, that adult hypoactivity predicts childhood disruptive behaviour disorders (ADHD and oppositional/conduct disorders), we wish to collect objective evidence on adult movement in the 180 videos in the same way that we have done for infant motor activity, using frame-by-frame analysis aided by SkillSpector software. Frame-by-frame locations (x-y coordinates, in pixels) of the adult's hands, elbows, shoulders and nose will be taken from all of the 180 videos. Methods of processing this information have been developed, including measures of total motion, average velocity and acceleration. We need to assess all 180 videos to give us robust comparisons and linkable data for adult and child. The relationship between motor activity, maternal depression and parenting behaviours will be investigated.

3. Sequencing. Once we have collected data on motor activity in the adults we shall investigate the sequencing of both infant and adult motor behaviours and of the infant and adult vocalisation behaviours we have already obtained with a view to establishing if there are particular patterns of disruption of social interaction which can be characterised objectively and which are associated with psychopathology. There is a strong a priori case that abnormalities will be found in cases of autism as well as some cases of ADHD.

Sex-adjusted logistic regression models will be used to estimate the odds ratios for the subsequent development of disorders associated with maternal and infant movement and their inter-relationship. Multivariate regression models will be used to determine the degree of confounding between measures and develop a subset of measures with independent predictive value for each group of cases. The predictive ability of the resultant scores will be summarised in terms of standard measures of diagnostic utility, including receiver operator characteristic curves.

Aims: Using a combination of simulation and empirical examples we hope to explore the consequences of many of the assumptions used in the previously mentioned methods. We specifically will investigate the suitability of displacement models (vertical growth, and bone mass accrual) to characterise first derivates, i.e. peak height velocity and peak bone velocity, and second derivatives i.e. growth acceleration, and contrast the conclusions made under different methods. In addition, we intend to investigate the simultaneous relationship between changes in body composition and bone growth using cross-lagged methods.

We aim to emphasize the importance of using appropriate methods in order to make robust conclusions.

The primary exposure in all analyses are time, outcomes include height, long bone length, bone mass, fat and lean mass. Similarly confounding variables are the same as the potential outcomes, as changes can occur simultaneously.

Aims: This research aims to explore the longitudinal relationship of maternal sensitivity in infancy on the development of adolescent ASB. It explores whether this relationship is mediated by separation from caregiver and/or feared separation (separation anxiety).

Research Question: In more specific terms it aims to answer the following question: does maternal sensitivity in infnacy and actual or feared separation in childhood affect adolescent ASB?

Hypotheses: The research will test four hypotheses: 1. A) Poor maternal sensitivity between mother and infant will increase the number of ASB incidents engaged in by the child in adolescence. It is predicted that positive maternal sensitivity observed in childhood will decrease the number of incidents of ASB in adolescence. B) Negative maternal sensitivity will be associated with a greater number of ASB's across all four domains: aggression, destruction of property, deceitfulness and theft, and serious rule violation (Barker & Maughan, 2009), with a greater number of acts towards others. 2.The number of periods of separation of the child from the caregiver increases so will the likelihood/risk of later adolescent ASB. 3. There will be a greater number of incidents of adolescent ASB recorded for children who exhibit separation anxiety than children who exhibit no separation anxiety. 4. The type of adolescent ASB and the number of adolescent ASB incidents will be mediated by gender.

The aims of the proposed Research Fellowship are as follows: 1. To describe a lifecourse grip strength trajectory from childhood to old age, by combining data from several UK cohorts 2. To compare the influence of physical activity on grip strength at different ages across the lifecourse 3. To explore the relationship between physical activity and subsequent grip strength trajectory. Evidence, mainly from age-heterogenous cross-sectional studies1 suggest that muscle strength, as assessed by grip strength, increases through childhood and adolescence, reaching a peak in early adult life before declining with increasing age. As no one cohort has repeated measures of strength for the same individuals from childhood to old age, it is necessary to combine repeated measures from several cohorts in order to construct a lifecourse trajectory of muscle strength. The cross-council funded HALCyon cohort consortium has already harmonised measures of physical capability, including grip strength, in eight UK cohorts spanning ages 50-90+ years.2 Similarly, the FALCon project has worked to develop and disseminate methods for the lifecourse modelling of physical and cognitive function, as well as cardiovascular function such as blood pressure.3 There is therefore the opportunity to continue work from both projects to look at the lifecourse trajectory of grip strength. In childhood and adolescence, we hypothesise that higher levels of CPA may predict a higher absolute values of muscle strength as well as a greater relative increase in strength towards the subsequent peak in early adult life. We also hypothesis that higher levels of CPA will be prospectively associated with slower declines in muscle strength in adulthood.

Objectives

1. Derive a measure of social adversity prior to five years of age (see Nettle et al. 2011)
2. Determine whether social adversity predicts age at sexual maturity/peak height velocity
3. Determine whether social adversity predicts attitude to sexual relationships in adolescence and risk-taking behaviour
4. Determine whether social adversity predict the age at/probability of the cohort member first having sexual relationships
5. Determine whether social adversity predicts IGF-I and IGFBP-3 measured at age 5/8
6. Determine whether IGF-I and IGFBP-3 measured at age 5/8 mediate or moderate the relationships described in 2-4 above

Aims/Objectives: The study aims to investigate; The independent associations between antenatal and postnatal depression and maternal feelings of disordered attachment; Whether the disordered attachment feelings of mother-infant interactions are associated with child outcomes.

Importance: Depression is experienced by 10-15% of women during pregnancy and after birth. Both antenatal and postnatal depression has been associated with multiple negative mental health consequences for the child. Evidence suggests that postnatal maternal depression leads to these poorer outcomes, in part, through disruption to maternal behaviour and disordered mother-child relationships. Our recent investigations in ALSPAC also suggest that antenatal depression may disrupt preparations for motherhood and as such the mother-infant relationship after birth. It is therefore important to gain further insight as to how both antenatal and postnatal depression disrupts the mother-infant relationship. It is also important to understand which aspects of the mother-infant relationship are important to child development. Implications: Although, we would expect to find many mothers, who answered yes to the attachment feelings question, to have a high depressive symptom score, by coding the free text according to further categories, it will be possible to see if antenatal and postnatal depression relate to different aspects of disordered attachment feelings. In addition understanding which categories of disordered attachment feelings in the mother-infant relationship are important to the future development of the child

Aims: To identify factors that are major predictors of adolescent substance use and develope propensity scores based on these risk factors. Additionally it is of interest if involvement in organised activities is related to propensity scores and adolescent substance use. Another aim is to establish if psychological theory can explain this relationship by examining whether measures of cognitive development vary by those who have a high or low score of risk.

Hypotheses: 1. Organised activities have differential effects on risky behaviour by vulnerability to risk. 2. Psychological factors underpin the relationship between organised activities and their effects on risky behaviour.

(No proposal received).

This resource will exploit the CFS/ME National Outcomes Database (NOD), which collects data at clinical assessment (2,000 cases per year) and follow-up from NHS specialist CFS/ME services in England. The NOD will have phenotypic data on ~7,000 patients with link with CFS/ME at the start of the study (October 2012). BioME will add data ~7,500 patients and link with phenotypic data collected from two large randomised controlled trials (1,2) creating a database with data on ~15,500 patients. We will contact all patients who have contributed data (2006-2012), and all new patients (2012-2017) attending 19 specialist CFS/ME services, to collect saliva samples (by post) and extract genomic DNA (~9,400 samples). Research nurses in 4/19 services will also collect blood into clotted, EDTA and PAXgene tubes (fractions: serum, plasma, buffy coat, red cells, RNA) and urine from 1,000 patients. This large collection of phenotypic data and biological samples will enable researchers to perform: genome wide assocation studies (GWAS) and epigenetic, metabolomic and proteomics studies using samples from CFS/ME patients with well-characterised phenotypes and long-term outcome data.