Stammering may be amenable to a personalised medicine approach to speech-therapy. Speech and language therapists train people who stammer to use techniques that either enhance fluency or enable stammering in a more controlled manner, usually by changing some aspect of the way that they speak. This may include interventions related to muscle tension, speech timing, auditory feedback, as well dealing with anxiety about the prospect of stammering. These therapies have good efficacy when measured at the clinic, but high rates of relapse (~70%) as patients frequently discontinue the techniques learned in therapy when faced with real-world communication. Understanding variability in the underlying causes of stammering is an initial step towards a personalised medicine approach to speech therapy. Understanding individual differences in the underlying neurobiology of stammering may be used to generate testable predictions about which treatments connect with the mechanisms underlying an individual patient’s condition – matching patients with the treatments that most closely address underlying causes of their stammer. The stammering community are beginning to understand and reference their condition as a form of neurodiversity, in line with contemporary trends that have improved quality of life for people on the Autism Spectrum. In addition to the implications of the proposed research for understanding aetiology and improving treatment, the proposed research aligns directly with the broader advocacy interests of people who stammer.