This project aims to investigate the effect of parental substance use (smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption) both during and after pregnancy on offspring outcomes and the mechanisms via which these effects act. We will initially look at how parental substance use is associated with offspring substance use as a proof of concept. Once the triangulation approach has been validated using offspring substance use as an outcome, we will use the same approach to investigate the association between parental substance use and offspring mental health (including depression and anxiety).